Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan - Ceti Alpha 5 or 6
Khan says he is on Ceti Alpha 5, that Ceti Alpha 6 exploded and shifted the orbit of Ceti Alpha 5. Chekov and Tyrell think they are on Ceti Alpha 6. Despite the explosion, Ceti Alpha 5 would still be the 5th planet out from the star Ceti Alpha. So the Reliant should have realized this planet was still Ceti Alpha 5, assuming they can count to 5 and on to 6.
While I don't think they "counted planets" from the star to find Ceti Alpha 6 (and instead found CA5) they would have seen the debris from CA6 and knew something was wrong. If anything they measured the distance from the star to the expected location of CA6 and instead found CA5.